Hydrogen special and Lavutslippsmobilitet general – findings and recommendations for green competitiveness
SINTEF through two substrates reports surveyed activities, technology status and potential for hydrogen production and use and for low- and zero-emission mobility in a national value creation perspective. Low- and zero-emission mobility will naturally involve the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier, but also includes other aspects and other fuels, such as biofuels. This paper summarizes our main findings and recommendations as we pray that Green Competitiveness include in its selection report. SINTEF can help in discussions further through meetings and missions for the committee.
Theme 1: Hydrogen – Introduction of hydrogen in future low carbon society – summary and recommendations
Hydrogen is an energy carrier can be produced from all sources of energy, fossil as well as renewable. In future energy hydrogen can supplement electricity and contribute to increased utilization of non-continuous renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and small hydro, as well as utilization of fossil fuels in an environmentally sound manner if CCS is performed by production. In addition, hydrogen is used as a zero-emission fuel for transport and for stationary heat and power generation and thus decoupling energy use from carbon emissions. Hydrogen could also replace fossil fuels in industrial processes. As of today’s close all hydrogen use linked to just industrial applications.
Hydrogen can be produced in various ways, the most appropriate for Norwegian conditions are:
- Electrolysis of water based on renewable energy.
- reforming of natural gas into hydrogen by separating CO 2 , which is then stored in deep geological formations.
Infrastructure for transport and use of hydrogen may be shared regardless of the production method and the hydrogen can then be used for industrial purposes, such as transportation fuel, and also indirectly to cover the common power, heating and cooling demand locally.
for Norway trades hydrogen on:
- Lavutslippsmobilitet, to reach emission targets in transport (cars, commercial vehicles, ships and trains)
- input for production of materials in manufacturing – and thereby contribute to lower carbon emissions
- Sales of “refined” natural gas from Norway-value creation and safeguarding of the value of national resources
- Exploitation of trapped energy resources from water , wind power and fossil fuels
- Economic based on products, services and knowledge through an early introduction and establishment of a domestic market for hydrogen. This will form the basis for economic development in terms of production and exports, for example, components (gas tanks) and processes (hydrogen separation) in hydrogen value chain, complete system solutions (eg. Hydrogen stations) and hydrogen-powered ships.
The market for hydrogen technology is now being established, and Norway is well placed and significant opportunities to take part in value creation.
The market for hydrogen technology is now being established, and Norway is well placed and significant opportunities to take part in value creation. We have a vested interest in helping the hydrogen phased in as a supplement to electricity as an energy carrier. Large-scale application of hydrogen in Europe will require large hydrogen import and we will offer this- both from decarbonised natural gas and from renewable sources. Introduction of hydrogen is therefore important so that one can gain experience from use in local / regional scale and develop new products and concepts.
Today exporting Norway about 110 billion SM3 gas / year abroad. This corresponds to an amount of energy of about 1200 TWh traded hydrogen with CO 2 handling may be about 600-800 TWh CO 2 free high-grade energy. For distributed generation, however electrolysis play a greater role in CO 2 handling local usually not an option. Our hydropower exports account in a normal year for comparison approximately 15 to 20 TWh, but with the Swedish-Norwegian green certificate market energy surplus is expected to increase considerably. It is therefore also possible hydrogen export based on electricity from non-continuous, renewable sources for Norwegian conditions in practice will be from wind and small hydro. Norway has very large, untapped renewable energy resources. Technically usable it will still nearly able to match the fossil gas resources. They can still play an important role in interacting with fossil-based hydrogen by pulling from the same infrastructure for distribution and end use.
SINTEF believes that there is great green growth potential for Norway by taking an active part in the introduction of hydrogen in future energy infrastructure. This sums up as follows:
It should be made for Norway as early market for low-emission vehicles including hydrogen by:
- Establish incentives that can help the establishment of basic infrastructure of hydrogen filling stations to temporarily compensate for market failure as one example, has done so for the establishment of charging stations for electric vehicles.
- Maintain measures for phasing in zero-emission vehicles, also for commercial vehicles, until the market can operate by commercial principles, estimated until there are 50,000 hydrogen cars on the road
- Require share 0 emission vehicles in public procurement of vehicles and transport services
- Strength Enova support in hydrogen technology through the next 4- Annual Plan (2017-2020)
- increase support for transportation research to ensure value creation through lavutslippsmobilitet
- facilitate the involvement of Norwegian industrial players and thus pave the way for increased competitiveness internationally for products , services and expertise from Norway.
Norway as a producer and exporter of hydrogen on a large scale:
- Examine the potential for large scale export of sustainable hydrogen from Norway both based on processing of natural gas with carbon capture and storage and renewable energy sources.
- Finance any major introduction projects for hydrogen production for domestic use as well as for export to Europe in cooperation with its main partner for Norwegian gas exports (England, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium)
- Establish dialogue at the political level with European and example Japanese authorities aimed at strategic cooperation in hydrogen. The cooperation may take the form of researcher exchange and mobility programs, public demonstration and implementation of projects and commercial agreements for the supply of hydrogen and hydrogen technology. It is obviously crucial that the major industrial players in Norway takes an active part in such an establishment.
- Establish a comprehensive hydrogen strategy Norge- see recommendations under Low- and zero-emission mobility.
Overall, constitutes the introduction of hydrogen in the global energy and transport systems a great opportunity for Norway to remain high added value based on its own energy resources, extensive experience and expertise. Hydrogen constitutes in this respect perhaps the potentially greatest contribution to a low-emission in an international context.
Theme 2: Low and nullutslippsmobilitet- summary and recommendations
An intensified focus on the low- and nullutslippsmobiltet is required for Norway to achieve its national and international commitments to 2020, 2030 and 2050. the transport sector is very complex and emissions so extensive that it is now recognized by more and more that there is no single solution to the challenges we face. SINTEF is of the view that we will need battery technology, hydrogen and fuel cells as well as biofuels to meet the ambitious emissions targets. To accelerate the development and ensure the growth and value creation is part of this development, we provide some recommendations that specifically focused on research and development as well as some strategic actions.
The transport sector is very complex and emissions so extensive that it is now recognized by more and more that there is no single solution to the challenges we face.
Digitization will play a key role in this transition with the emergence of autonomous and service based transport for all. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) will bind together transport systems, including the new mechanisms under the so-called sharing economy.
SINTEF recommends that Norway remains open to the introduction of intelligent transport systems and facilitate that we can take a leading role in the development and piloting of such systems. In this way, market, research and educational institutions together to find good solutions that provide greater competitiveness internationally and opportunities for value creation through the establishment of enterprises and export of products / services from Norway.
We have such a significant industry associated with light metals, vehicle parts, plastic and carbon composites. These are industrial products having technological advantage and produced with low carbon footprint in Norway.
Low- and zero-emission vehicles, trains and ships will be a natural part of future transportation. Norway has the potential to contribute to the development and the establishment of industry-oriented policy basis for development of new technology and future value creation. We have such a significant industry associated with light metals, vehicle parts, plastic and carbon composites. These are industrial products having technological advantage and produced with low carbon footprint in Norway.
Electrification in traffic and short sea shipping including ferries is an area where Norway has expertise and industrial environments that may contribute to the electrification of mobility. Ferry Ampere is an example of this and the development work in progress to realize the wireless charging of cars and ferries.
The public can play a key role here by promoting low- and zero-emission solutions in the tendering and facilitate a future-oriented development of infrastructure for recharging through its funding agencies.
A public BIA instrument will strengthen the level of innovation in public enterprises interacting with R & D actors.
SINTEF recommends that in this context extends the mandate of the Research Council program User-driven Innovation Arena instrument (BIA) to include public sector. The area is largely controlled by the government. A public BIA instrument will strengthen the level of innovation in public enterprises interacting with R & D actors.
Biofuels are part of future solutions for lavutslippsmobilitet- particularly in areas where the transition to zero emission solutions takes longer (aircraft and long-haul). Within aviation, it is important that the proportion of biofuels is increased over time and that emission standards support the use of high performance aircraft engines. Norway may by establishing sustainable value chains for biofuels based on marine resources (macroalgae) and forestry products (branches and tops, fast-growing tree species) develop technology and an industry for the supply of sustainable biofuels. This will and teaming with increased focus on stationary biomass power and heat.
An increased investment in research and innovation with user involvement will be essential and contribute to green competitiveness through supply of a separate market for biofuels, technological development and green jobs.
Hydrogen can be used in the transport of vehicles, shipping and rail, and proves to be a particularly good solution for larger drive and vessels on longer distances. Norway has long industrial experience, high competence and a budding supply within the area of production, storage and distribution that is well supported by solid research actors. It is important that the hydrogen area seen in a wider context than just transportation in Norway and also industrial use and export of hydrogen from Norway is part of this.
SINTEF recommends that you develop a comprehensive strategy for hydrogen Norway given the new framework from example. COP21. It is essential that transport and petroleum players connected to this work with R & D actors in an international dimension. See also recommendations under the theme “Hydrogen”.
Education, research and development constitute the foundation for taking full value in the shift to a low carbon society.
Education, research and development constitute the foundation for taking full value in the shift to a low carbon society. The volume of technological and social science research within the transport sector are not scaled in relation to the opportunities and challenges that range represents. As of today there is direct public R & D commitment approximately 150 million NOK / year. This is not balanced with respect to the investments that the sector represents an annual basis and as proposed in the National Transport Plan for the current period and for 2018 to 2027. Research efforts should at least on the national average level (1.7%) to seize the opportunities that lie in the change.
We are calling for a tripling of efforts over four years through the established program (EnergiX, Transport2025) and through announcement of thematic centers in low- and zero-emission mobility by template or in the form of FME and SFI centers. The centers must be based on quality, established following a competitive call for proposals and have a high degree of participation by public and private actors.
A special thanks to those who have contributions with supporting documents!
Steffen Møller Holst Magnus Thomassen, Tommy Mokkelbost, Petter Nekså, Per Magne Einang, Dag Stenersen, Ove Wolfgang, Roar Norvik, Einar Hinrichsen, Jon Suul, Nina Dahl, Partow P. Henriksen, Asgeir Tomasgard, Judit Sandquist, Svend Tollak Munkejord, Asgeir Tomasgard, Grethe Tangen and Kristin Jordal
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